![]() Ī number of snakes from the family Viperidae (“vipers”) are medically important in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Global estimates of the incidence of snakebite suggest that over 1,800,000 people are envenomed annually, resulting in between 90,000 and 138,000 deaths. The highest burden of snakebite exists in agricultural regions of Asia (i.e., South Asia and Southeast Asia), Papua New Guinea, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. Snakebite envenoming is an environmental, occupational, and climatic hazard that predominantly affects the rural, impoverished populations of low- and middle-income countries found in the tropics. Our findings suggest that Thai antivenoms from QSMI may by useful therapeutics for managing snake envenomings caused by a number of Southeast Asian viper species and populations for which no specific antivenom currently exists and thus should be explored further to assess their clinical utility in treating snakebite victims. rhodostoma antivenom exhibits highly comparable levels of immunological binding and in vitro venom neutralization to venom from both Thailand and Malaysia, despite previous reports of considerable intraspecific venom variation. albolabris antivenom inhibiting the venoms from Malaysian arboreal pit vipers. ![]() In vitro coagulation assays using bovine plasma revealed similar findings, with HPAV antivenom significantly inhibiting the coagulopathic activities of all tested viper venoms and T. albolabris extensively recognized toxins present in the venom of related species, T. Using ELISA and immunoblotting approaches, we find that the majority of protein components in the viper venoms were recognized and bound by the HPAV polyvalent antivenom, while the monospecific antivenom made against T. In this study, we sought to characterize the in vitro venom binding capability and in vitro cross-neutralizing activity of antivenom, specifically the Hemato Polyvalent antivenom (HPAV The Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI) of the Thai Red Cross Society, Thailand) and three monovalent antivenoms (QSMI) specific to Daboia siamensis, Calloselasma rhodostoma, and Trimeresurus albolabris venoms, against a variety of South Asian and Southeast Asian viper venoms ( Calloselasma rhodostoma, Daboia russelii, Hypnale hypnale, Trimeresurus albolabris, Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus, Trimeresurus hageni, and Trimeresurus fucatus). The intravenous administration of polyclonal antibodies known as antivenom is the only effective treatment for snakebite envenomed victims, but because of inter-specific variation in the toxic components of snake venoms, these therapies have variable efficacies against different snake species and/or different populations of the same species.
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